| It is the totality of all
applications and their relating protocols that use networks and have not
yet been represented by the lower layers. |
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Like OSI Model, it contains
all the higher-level protocols. |
| Here are the standards necessary
for unambiguously representing data and more generally, a syntax of messages
to be transmitted (simple text, executable code, pictures...). |
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Because no need for them
was perceived, Presentation and Session layers are not included in the
TCP/IP Model |
| It establishes a connection
with another node
and manages the data flow from the higher layers to the lower ones by managing
the timing of data transmission and the memory buffer managing, when several
applications try to transmit data at the same time. |
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| It handles the transmission,
reception and error checking of the data. |
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The same as OSI Model |
| It is concerned with the
physical transmission of the data from computer to computer. There is one
further level of software to be considered, the network level. It routes
the packages across a particular network. |
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It is the linchpin that
holds the whole architecture together : it permits to send and receive
packets, even if they are in random order.
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| It handles the transmission
of a framed set of data (usually a sequence of bits) from one point in
a network (node)
to another one. This layer also represents the boundary betweenhardware
(e.g. CRC) and software implementation (e.g. physical addressing). |
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The TCP/IP reference model
does not really say much about what happens here, except to point out that
the host has to
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| The physical medium used
to transmit the information. To specify this layer, it is necessary to
define the physical properties of the connection, such as mechanical properties,
electrical/optical properties, functional aspects of the data transmission
(modulation/demodulation for example) and procedural aspects of data transmission
(e.g. bit stuffing to ensure that special signals are unequivocal). |
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connect to the network using
some protocol so it can send IP packets over it. This protocol is not defined
and varies from host to host and network to network.
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